2013-07-24

台灣戰爭史回顧(112)

日本與美國對台灣的秘密檔案之「台灣Status(地位/歸屬 )的深入探討」。Telegram from the Ambassador in the United Kingdom(Gifford)to the Secretary of State:
a. SECRET. London, June 4, 1951 --- 8 P.M.
「˙˙˙Morrison accepted principle of quick peace and liberal peace but stated Japan wrongs and cruelties not forgotten and could not be wholly ignored in treaty.」
He went on to make following points:
(1) Formosa’s status to be unchanged;
(2) No present participation on behalf of China;
一九五一年六月四日,美國駐英國大使Gifford,從倫敦發出秘密電文致美國國務院,提及「英國外相Herbert Morrison將接受儘速而且寬大之和平原則,然而,也不能忘記在和約中,全然無視日本人所犯之錯誤跟殘酷行為。」Gifford提示:(一)台灣States(地位/歸屬)不變;(二)中國不能參與日前對日之和談。

以上電文得知:美國對日本和談是採取寬大之態度,因此,不打算依照「開羅宣言」將台灣「還給」中華民國,其實是有跡可尋。

b. SECRET. PRIORITY, London, June 5, 1951 --- 8 P.M.
「˙˙˙Chief policy questions discussed this afternoon were participation of China and questions of Formosa.˙˙˙British contention was that any signing by China Government would by implication at least confirm his authority over Formosa and would give his government greater status than would be acceptable.˙˙˙On question of Formosa, UK initial position was that it should be ceded to China with some provision that it would not be turned over legally to China until question of which China should adhere to treaty is resolved. However, at the end of discussion British delegated apparently was inclined to acceptable US contention that treaty should merely require Japanese renunciation of sovereignty over Formosa, leaving future status to be decided later. This was made easier for UK by earlier US suggestion that Sakhalin and Kuriles be similarly treated and not definitely ceded to USSR by treaty.」
一九五一年六月五日,美國駐英國大使Gifford,從倫敦發出急件秘密電文致美國國務院,提及:「當天下午討論主要的政治政策問題是中國的參與,和台灣問題,˙˙˙有關台灣問題,英國方面的論點是,如果中國政府(蔣介石政府)有參與任何之簽約,將會暗示至少有人確認其對台灣有權利,而且,會將其(已經流亡中)政府提升至無法被接受的地位。英國原先是主張中國簽約代表解決後,台灣應割讓與中國。然而,在經過討論之後,英國政府顯然明顯傾向接受美國立場論點:『和平條約應該只要求日本放棄sovereignty over Formosa,至於其 future status,則以後再做決定,美國在先前已經有將樺太與千島列島比照處理,而不再合約中明確割讓給蘇聯之建議,此可讓英國政府得以便宜行事。』」

以上電文得知:英國與美國討論以後,不再主張台灣應割讓給中國,雙方同意,日本只對台灣執行放棄處分。

c. SECRET. PRIORITY, London, June 6, 1951 --- 8 P.M.
「˙˙˙We met this afternoon with Morrison and tentatively came to following conclusion subject to Morrison discussion with Cabinet Thursday afternoon˙
(1) As regards China, no Chinese government would be invited to sign multilateral treaty but states at war with Japan, including China, not original signatories would be entitled to accede to treaty after it otherwise comes in force.˙˙˙
(2) Referring Formosa, British accept our formula for renunciation by Japan otherwise leaving situation in present status and avoiding any repetition of Cairo.」
一九五一年六月六日,美國駐英國大使Gifford再度從倫敦,發出急件秘密電文致美國國務院,提及:「當天下午,我們與英國外相Herbert Morrison及其內閣閣員討論,暫時得到下列結論:(一)有關中國,沒有任何中國政府(ROC and PRC)會被邀請參加簽訂多邊和平條約,但是,包括中國在內之對日交戰國,如果其非原始簽約國者,得以在多邊和約生效後,再與日本簽訂和約˙˙˙(二)至於台灣,英國接受美國處理方式,命令日本以放棄方式處理,而維持台灣之present status,以避免再提開羅宣言。」

以上電文得知:舊金山和平條約簽署前,開羅宣言已經被放棄,台灣不會交給中國(ROC and PRC),這是老早在同盟國中確定。

d. SECRET, Washington, June 19, 1951
Draft Joint Statement of the United Kingdom and United States Governments
「By the contemplated multilateral treaty, Japan would renounce its sovereignty over Formosa and Pescadores. The treaty itself would not determine the future of these islands.」
1951年6月19日,美國與英國(有關和約草案)聯合聲明提出:「審慎思考之多邊和約中,日本會放棄其sovereignty over Taiwan,和約本身並不會決定台灣之未來,亦即對日合約並無改變台灣之Status(地位/歸屬)。」

e. Memorandum of Conversation by Third Secretary of the Mission in Japan(Finn) SECRET, Tokyo, June 25, 1951
「Regarding Chinese participation,˙˙˙It was finally agreed that China should not be made signatory to the present treaty and that Japan should be permitted to sign a bilateral treaty with any of the Allied powers at war with Japan; if such a treaty contained greater benefits these benefits would have to be conferred on the present treaty.」 1951年6月25日,美國駐日第三秘書Finn在會議後的備忘錄中提出:「有關中國參與的最終之共識為:中國不應該成為多邊和約之簽約國,而且,日本應該被允許,與其他日本交戰之盟國簽訂雙邊條約;然而,此約如果含有更多利益,則該利益必須賦予多邊條約之簽約國。」

以上備忘錄顯示:確認舊金山和平條約沒有規定日本將台灣割讓與中國,那麼,日本就不可能再舊金山和約生效後,才與流亡中華民國簽署台北條約中將臺灣主權移轉給中華民國,在美國主導以及英國配合下,戰後對台灣之處分得以迴避(bypass)開羅宣言,不讓台灣自日本手上移轉出去。

f. Memorandum of the Secretary of Defense SECRET, Washington, June 26, 1951
(A)「It should be made certain that there be no basis, either stated or implied, written into the Treaty which might provide for the possible legal claim of Communist China to sovereignty over Formosa, the Pescadores, Paracel, and
Spratly Island, The Paracel Islands˙˙˙ 」
1951年6月26日,華盛頓致美國國防部備忘錄提及:「應該確認,在和約內不可以有明文或暗示之文意根據,讓中國共產黨得以對台灣、澎湖以及東西沙群島主權有法理主張˙˙˙」
(B)「It would appear that in its present form, the second sentence of Article 4(a)might afford Communist China a valid claim over that territory were it to sign and ratify this treaty.」「如果對日和約有需要讓中國共產黨參予以及批准,那麼目前草約(指1951年6月14日版)條文第四條第一項中的第二句,可能讓中國共產黨得以對台灣領土有效宣示主權。」
至於條文第四條第一項中的第二句之原文是:
「The property of any of the Allied Power or its nationals in the areas referred to in Articles 2 and 3 shall. Insofar as this has not already been done, be returned in the condition in which it now exists. 」
「在和約第二及第三條所提及地區任何盟國或其國民財產,如尙未獲得歸還,應該以目前之狀態奉還。」注意:本條文並沒有說明「由何者奉還be returned by?」

將上訴兩句對照來看:美國方面是有堤防中國共產黨將territory(領土)視為property(財產)之一種,而要求日本「歸還」台灣予中國之可能性,因此,美國國務卿Dulles也確實言聽計從,將草案之該劇定稿為:
「The property of any of the Allied Power or its nationals in the areas referred to in Articles 2 and 3 shall. Insofar as this has not already been done, be returned by the administer in authority in the condition in which it now exists.」「在和約第二及第三條所提及地區任何盟國或其國民財產,如尙未獲得歸還,應該由治理當局以目前之狀態奉還。」注意:條文已改成「由治理當局奉還be returned by the administering in authority 」

對照和約第四條第一項之草約與定稿,可以確定條文中之property是有關一般之「不動產」或「動產」,而無渋「領土」。條文使用詞彙如果是be returned則有可能被中國方面自我解讀成be returned by Japan,因此,使用be returned by the administer in authority則治理當局所處分的祇是一般財產,而無渋於領土之處分。(待續)
作者:林 志昇(武林 志昇˙林 峯弘)
台灣(民)政府 秘書長
2013/07/24